Wedge impact with the influence of ice     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

This work presents a canonical study on a wedge entering water near a single piece of ice using computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) and a Wagner-type theoretical model with corrections for non-linear effects. Calculations for a series of conditions with ice of different sizes and locations relative to the wedge are conducted. The hydrodynamic force due to impact, the pressure distribution on the wedge surface, and the pile-up phenomenon are examined to study the role of ice in the impact process. The theoretical model is shown to be accurate and can serve as a useful method to assess slamming loads under the influence of ice. It is shown that even for the case of a small piece of ice, the slamming force on the wedge can increase by 30%.  相似文献   

中国沿海常见蜑螺科贝类的DNA条形码   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张晓洁  孔令锋  李琪 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(3):614-623

DNA条形码不仅为物种鉴定提供了有效方法,而且也有助于分类学和生物多样性研究。本研究旨在探讨将COI和16S rRNA基因序列应用于中国沿海蜑螺科贝类物种鉴定的可行性,获得了该科3属7种贝类61个个体的COI和16S rRNA基因序列。基于COI基因序列的种内遗传距离为0.00—1.29%,平均为0.67%;属内种间遗传距离为4.62%—19.25%,平均为13.02%;基于16S rRNA基因序列的种内遗传距离为0.00%—0.48%,平均为0.23%;属内种间遗传距离为2.47%—8.48%,平均为6.37%。两种基因序列在所研究的蜑螺中,种内遗传差异均小于种间遗传差异,存在明显的条形码间隙,所有物种在系统发生树上都表现为独立的单系群。结果表明,线粒体COI和16S rRNA基因序列可以作为DNA条形码标准基因对蜑螺科贝类进行有效地物种鉴定。  相似文献   

Estuarine biofilm patterns: Modern analogues for Precambrian self-organization     

Roeland C. van de Vijsel  Jim van Belzen  Tjeerd J. Bouma  Daphne van der Wal  Valentina Cusseddu  Sam J. Purkis  Max Rietkerk  Johan van de Koppel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1141-1154

This field and laboratory study examines whether regularly patterned biofilms on present-day intertidal flats are equivalent to microbially induced bedforms found in geological records dating back to the onset of life on Earth. Algal mats of filamentous Vaucheria species, functionally similar to microbial biofilms, cover the topographic highs of regularly spaced ridge–runnel bedforms. As regular patterning is typically associated with self-organization processes, indicators of self-organization are tested and found to support this hypothesis. The measurements suggest that biofilm-induced sediment trapping and biostabilization enhance bedform relief, strength and multi-year persistence. This demonstrates the importance of primitive organisms for sedimentary landscape development. Algal-covered ridges consist of wavy-crinkly laminated sedimentary deposits that resemble the layered structure of fossil stromatolites and microbially induced sedimentary structures. In addition to layering, both the morphological pattern and the suggested formation mechanism of the recent bedforms are strikingly similar to microbialite strata found in rock records from the Precambrian onwards. This implies that self-organization was an important morphological process in times when biofilms were the predominant sessile ecosystem. These findings furthermore emphasize that self-organization dynamics, such as critical transitions invoking ecosystem emergence or collapse, might have been captured in fossil microbialites, influencing their laminae. This notion may be important for paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on such strata. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

山东南部近海秋季长蛇鲻相对资源量的分布及其影响因素     

刘逸文  张崇良  昝肖肖  孙铭  徐宾铎  薛莹  任一平 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,50(4):45-53

为探究长蛇鲻(Saurida elongate)的生态习性和分布规律,并为长蛇鲻资源的合理利用与养护提供科学依据,本文根据2016年秋季在山东南部近海进行的渔业资源与环境调查数据,分析了该海域长蛇鲻的分布特征,研究长蛇鲻成体、幼体的分布差异,并利用广义可加模型(GAM)研究其分布与生物因子和环境因子的关系。结果表明,长蛇鲻成体与幼体的分布存在差异,成体分布范围广,幼体主要分布在30 m等深线及以浅水域。GAM模型的结果表明,饵料生物、底层水温、水深和底层盐度是影响长蛇鲻相对资源量分布的主要因子。成体、幼体的分布与影响因子的关系差异极显著(P<0.01)。长蛇鲻成体的相对资源量随饵料生物和底层水温的增加表现为先上升后下降的趋势,而幼体呈现一致上升趋势;成体和幼体的相对资源量随水深增加均呈下降趋势;幼体相对资源量随底层盐度增加有明显上升趋势,而盐度对成体的影响不显著。本研究认为山东南部近海是长蛇鲻的重要栖息地,水温和盐度是成体和幼体分布差异的可能原因。  相似文献   

基于两种无人机航拍影像的林窗和林冠提取分析     

王悦  练琚愉  张昭臣  胡健波  杨骥  李勇  叶万辉 《热带地理》2019,39(4):553-561

森林冠层和林窗的结构及其时空变化是理解森林生态系统格局、动态变化过程的重要基础。在当前生物多样性监测倍受关注的契机下，如何以合适的手段准确描述林窗面积、分布等特征，并与森林固定样地监测数据有效地结合，更好地回答群落构建的理论问题，使森林群落物种多样性维持机制得到更全面的认识，是目前亟待解决的问题。以鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 hm2固定监测样地为研究对象，基于不同遥感影像提取方法对其林窗和林冠表层数据进行提取分析。结果表明：基于监督分类的提取方法适合RGB波段航片林窗的提取，在林窗分类中，应首先确定林窗高度、边界木与最小面积，不同分类方法差异主要表现在林冠分类中，林窗分类生产者精度和用户精度表现都较为一致。无人机航拍识别率受地形因素影响较大，在地形复杂林地应按坡度分区域进行飞行以降低误差。相对于地面调查，MD4-1000无人机航片的林窗识别率为98.7%；大疆Phantom4无人机航片的林窗识别率为72.3%，影像后期处理数据量小，同样适用于森林林窗定量研究，符合生态学、林业等从业人员对大型样地林窗长期监测的要求。无人机航拍南亚热带森林物种识别难度较大，基于MD4-1000无人机搭载的高分辨率相机，在地势平缓区域优选的4 hm2样地中可识别林冠表层物种数17种，共2 706个个体。搭载高分辨率无人机在降低飞行高度的基础上可进行部分物种识别。应用无人机近地面遥感对森林固定样地进行林冠监测，可为后期群落构建研究提供数据基础，有望从新的研究角度探讨森林群落物种多样性维持机制。  相似文献   

The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics     

Michael Warsitzka  Fabian Jhne‐Klingberg  Jonas Kley  Nina Kukowski 《Basin Research》2019,31(2):337-360

In this paper, a literature‐based compilation of the timing and history of salt tectonics in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) is presented. The tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of the Southern Permian Basin is influenced by salt movement and the structural development of various types of salt structures. The compilation presented here was used to characterize the following syndepositional growth stages of the salt structures: (a) “phase of initiation”; (b) phase of fastest growth (“main activity”); and (c) phase of burial’. We have also mapped the spatial pattern of potential mechanisms that triggered the initiation of salt structures over the area studied and summarized them for distinct regions (sub‐basins, platforms, etc.). The data base compiled and the set of maps produced from it provide a detailed overview of the spatial and temporal distribution of salt tectonic activity enabling the correlation of tectonic phases between specific regions of the entire Southern Permian Basin. Accordingly, salt movements were initiated in deeply subsided graben structures and fault zones during the Early and Middle Triassic. In these areas, salt structures reached their phase of main activity already during the Late Triassic or the Jurassic and were mostly buried during the Early Cretaceous. Salt structures in less subsided sub‐basins and platform regions of the Southern Permian Basin mostly started to grow during the Late Triassic. The subsequent phase of main activity of these salt structures took place from the Late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic. The analysis of the trigger mechanisms revealed that most salt structures were initiated by large‐offset normal faults in the sub‐salt basement in the large graben structures and minor normal faulting associated with thin‐skinned extension in the less subsided basin parts.  相似文献   

额河源流采金矿区不同恢复措施对矿区物种多样性和地上生物量的影响          下载免费PDF全文

许佳  祝晓瞳  苑塏烨 《干旱区地理》2019,42(3):581-589

以额河源流采金后废弃矿区为研究对象，于2011—2015年期间，通过采取不同恢复措施从被破坏矿区草地植物多样性和生物量的角度分析植被恢复效果。结果表明：（1）不同恢复措施促使各植物群落的物种数增加了5%～30%,说明采取恢复措施使得矿区生态环境得到了一定程度的恢复。（2）综合植被群落结构、盖度和地上生物量、物种多样性指数分析，措施A5（推平+圈羊）、A4（推平+补水）、A3（推平+覆土+黑加仑）较其他措施恢复效果更为显著。（3）通过对各样地植被丰富度指数（R）、Shannon Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数（D）、Pielou (Jsw)指数与地上生物量分别进行回归分析,发现指数曲线拟合关系最好。表明物种多样性与地上生物量均存在较显著的正相关关系(P <0.05)。本研究可为类似矿区的植被恢复与重建提供参考和借鉴。  相似文献   

青藏高原“亚东—东巧—葫芦湖”大陆裂谷带形成的深层动力过程   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

滕吉文  宋鹏汉  刘有山  张雪梅  马学英  闫雅芬 《地球物理学报》2019,62(9):3321-3339

正确理解亚东—东巧—葫芦湖构造带的形成与属性对深化认识青藏高原的地壳形变、物质运动的行为与轨迹和深层动力过程极为重要.通过较系统的多元要素分析和研究发现：（1）基于壳、幔结构的空间展布特征表明，这是一条在EW向拉张力系作用下的陆内裂谷带；（2）强烈地震的活动与发生、大地热流异常值展布和地幔对流应力场研究证明，它是一条现今活动的大陆裂谷带；（3）该裂谷带的形成与演化乃地球内部物质与能量强烈交换的产物.  相似文献   

Application of computational fluid dynamics simulation for submarine oil spill     

YANG Zhenglong  YU Jianxing  LI Zhigan  CHEN Haicheng  JIANG Meirong  CHEN Xi 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(11):104-115

  相似文献   

Genetic variability of the Lessepsian migrant mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in Tunisia     

M Antit  J Urra  AN Alagaili  S Farjallah 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(2):211-217

The present study used two mitochondrial markers (16S rRNA and COI) to assess the genetic diversity of a newly founded Lessepsian migrant mussel, Brachidontes pharaonis, in Tunisian waters. The species appears to be restricted to only one population in Rades Harbour, in the northern part of the country. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the monophyly of B. pharaonis in Tunisia. Both molecular markers revealed high genetic variability of the B. pharaonis population. Haplotype networks and demographic analyses confirmed the recent expansion events within this population. Multiple human-mediated introduction events involving several founder populations and intensive population growth rates are probably the main causes of the high polymorphism observed within this invasive mollusc.  相似文献